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The monkey wrench (US) or gas grips (UK) is an adjustable wrench, a later American development of eighteenth-century English coach wrenches. It was popular in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries but is now used only for heavier tasks, having been mostly replaced by the lighter and sleeker shifting adjustable spanner. The term ''monkey wrench'' is also used colloquially to refer to the pipe wrench, owing to their broadly similar shapes. These are also known as a Ford wrench owing to this type of wrench being included in the tool kit supplied with every Ford Model A. They are still used by aircraft technicians, chiefly when large but low torque fasteners are involved. ==Etymology and history== The ''World English Dictionary'' gives a nautical definition for ''monkey'', as a modifier "denoting a small light structure or piece of equipment contrived to suit an immediate purpose: a ''monkey foresail'' ; a ''monkey bridge''."〔''(dictionary.reference.com )'', "monkey," Houghton Mifflin, 1997: ''World English Dictionary'' entry, 5th def.〕 Adjustable coach wrenches for the odd-sized nuts of wagon wheels were manufactured in England and exported to North America in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. They were set either by sliding a wedge, or later by twisting the handle, which turned a screw, narrowing or widening the jaws. In 1840, Worcester, Massachusetts knife manufacturer Loring Coes invented a screw-based coach wrench design in which the jaw width was set with a spinning ring fixed under the sliding lower jaw, above the handle. This was patented in 1841 and the tools were advertised and sold in the United States as ''monkey wrenches'', a term which was already in use for the English handle-set coach wrenches.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 The Boston Wrench Group (Imported English coach wrenches or 18th w19th century American copies?) )〕 For the next eighty-seven years a very wide and popular range of monkey wrenches was manufactured by Coes family partnerships, licensees and companies, which filed further wrench patents throughout the nineteenth century. Some Coes wrenches could be bought with wooden knife handles, harking back to the company's early knife making business. In 1909 the Coes Wrench Company advertised a six-foot-long "key" wrench, shaped like a monkey wrench, for use on railroads.〔ww.clarku.edu, ''(Coes Wrench Co. )''〕〔''(Alloy Artifacts )'', "Coes Wrench Company," 2005-2011〕 The Coes wrench designs were acquired by longtime toolmaker Bemis & Call of Springfield, Massachusetts in 1928. After 1939 its successor companies manufactured monkey wrenches from Coes designs until the mid-1960s, yielding a production run of over 120 years.〔〔''(Alloy Artifacts )'', "Bemis & Call", 2005-2011〕〔 Bemis & Call was acquired by a larger tool company in 1939. By the 2000s their old mill building on Main Street in the South End housed a commercial center known as "The Monkey Wrench."〕 Monkey wrenches are still manufactured and are used for some heavy tasks, but they have otherwise been mostly replaced by the shifting adjustable wrench, which is much lighter and has a smaller head, allowing it to fit more easily into tight spaces. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「monkey wrench」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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